TL;DR

EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization) is the most widely used metric for valuing private companies in M&A transactions. Understanding how to calculate, adjust, and present EBITDA is essential for any founder or executive preparing for a sale or investment.

What Is EBITDA?

EBITDA = Net Income + Interest + Taxes + Depreciation + Amortization

Or: EBITDA = Operating Income (EBIT) + Depreciation + Amortization

Why EBITDA Is Used in M&A

  1. It approximates cash flow — adds back non-cash charges
  2. It enables comparison — removes financing and tax effects
  3. It is the basis for EV/EBITDA multiples — the most common M&A valuation multiple

Adjusted EBITDA

Add-backs (increase EBITDA): Owner compensation above market rate, one-time legal/consulting fees, non-recurring restructuring charges, personal expenses run through the business, non-cash stock compensation

Deductions (decrease EBITDA): One-time revenue that will not recur, below-market rent, costs that will increase post-acquisition

EV/EBITDA Multiples by Sector (2024–2025)

  • SaaS / Technology: 10–20x
  • Healthcare services: 8–14x
  • Business services: 6–10x
  • Manufacturing: 5–8x
  • Distribution / logistics: 4–7x
  • Retail: 4–6x

Common EBITDA Mistakes

  1. Confusing EBITDA with cash flow — EBITDA ignores capex and working capital
  2. Overly aggressive add-backs — buyers scrutinize every add-back
  3. Not normalizing owner compensation — adjust to market rate for a hired CEO
  4. Ignoring capex — capital-intensive businesses are worth less than the multiple implies

Key Takeaways

Key Takeaways
  • EBITDA = Net Income + Interest + Taxes + Depreciation + Amortization.
  • Adjusted EBITDA adds back one-time and non-recurring items.
  • EV/EBITDA is the primary valuation multiple for private company M&A.
  • Typical multiples range from 4–6x (distribution) to 10–20x (SaaS).
  • EBITDA is not cash flow — it ignores capex and working capital.